(18)F-sodium fluoride PET/CT for the in vivo visualization of Mönckeberg's sclerosis in a diabetic patient.

Diabetes is a major frequent cause of atherosclerosis vascular disease. Arterial calcification in diabetic patients is responsible for peripheral vascular involvement. Molecular imaging using (18)F-sodium fluoride ((18)F-NaF) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) has been recently proposed as a marker to study the in vivo mineralization process in the atheroma plaque. A 69-year-old man with a history of type 2 diabetes and no clinical evidence of peripheral arterial disease underwent an (18)F-NaF PET/CT scan. A linear, well-defined (18)F-NaF uptake was detected along the femoral arteries. In addition, the CT component of the PET/CT identified an unsuspected "tram-track" calcification in his femoral arteries, suggestive of medial calcification (Mönckeberg's sclerosis). In other vascular territories, focal (18)F-NaF uptake was also detected in carotid and aorta atheroma plaques. Molecular imaging with (18)F-NaF PET/CT might provide new functional information about the in vivo vascular calcification process in diabetic patients.